Mine capacity and mineral price

The loss of foreign mineral supplies may affect domestic supply and price. To investigate the assumption that prices, a simple mine investment model that relates mine capacity to deposit attributes is used. A test of the model to see how well it approximates industry investment practice illustrates its accuracy. The model suggests that price changes can substantially affect the optimal capacity of planned or existing mines as well as the mineral supply in the USA.     

矿井火灾时期的风流远程控制系统

控制风流是矿井火灾时期救灾的最有效手段之一。笔者研究并提供了两种风流远程控制系统 :一种以压气作为动力源 ,利用矿井环境监测系统传输控制命令 ,通过电磁阀控制气缸实施对井下风门的远程控制 ;另一种以电力为动力源 ,利用井下电话线传输控制命令 ,通过对电机开关的控制 ,实现对风门开启的远程控制。值得推荐并具有创新性的技术是这两种控风系统的风门控制器 ,均用单片机开发 ,具有智能分析功能、远程控制和自动检测、监测特点 ,既可进行远程手动控制 ,又可实现程序控制。这两种风门远程控制系统已在兖州南屯、枣庄柴里等煤矿应用并获得成功 ,为矿井的抗灾消灾提供了一种现代化的技术手段     

矿井火区可燃性混合气体爆炸三角形判断法及其爆炸危险性分析

矿井火区可燃性混合气体爆炸危险性的判断 ,目前常用单纯的瓦斯爆炸三角形判别法。此法对实际的判断往往未综合考虑火区温度的影响。为此 ,笔者论述了矿井火区多种可燃性气体同时存在时 ,其混合气体爆炸三角形各参数的工程计算方法 :爆炸界限可用 Le Chatelier法 ,但需根据火区实测温度进行修正 ;爆炸时的临界氧浓度 ,则需用另一种三角形图示法予以确定。由此画出的混合气体爆炸三角形分析图 ,可用于矿井火区 ,尤其是矿井大面积火区的密闭和启封过程中 ,作为可燃性混合气体爆炸危险性的综合判断及其防爆措施的制定 ,都具有实用价值和指导意义     

Social disruption,mine closure and housing policy: evidence from the Free State Goldfields,South Africa

The creation of mine settlements became a common practice between 1950 and 1980. These mining towns were seen as places of permanent settlement. This permanency, together with the privatisation of mine‐owned houses (mid‐1980s) increased place attachment. Mine decline thus brought with it some form of social disruption. Whereas mining companies in Australia have attempted to minimise the social disruption caused by mine closure by introducing fly‐in‐fly‐out arrangements, the post‐apartheid housing policy in South Africa has focused on asset building in mining areas. We completed 180 interviews with representatives of households. The survey formed part of a panel survey and further included a control group and 15 qualitative interviews. Our results indicate that though members of the mining community have housing units that are larger than those of the control group, incomes are lower in the mining community, real income is in decline, smaller numbers of household members are contributing to income, self‐assessments of wealth are characterised by lower ratings, household assets increase at a slower pace, and there is a stronger preference to continue to reside in the area. All of the above serves to illustrate the consequences of the asset‐based strategies embedded in South African housing policy. The social disruption associated with mine closure further tends to lock households into locations, and thus inhibits mobility.     

海南昌江石碌钴铜矿尾矿库重金属污染环境现状调查

为了解海南省昌江县石碌镇钴铜矿尾矿库环境特点,分别采集了矿砂、背景土壤、废水、纳污水体和植物进行分析。结果表明,钴铜矿尾矿库的土壤受As和Cu污染严重,周边土壤受到不同程度的重金属污染;废水经过尾矿库沉淀处理后,SS、As、Cu、Co、Fe等监测指标均有所降低,尾矿库起到沉淀吸附处理作用;纳污河流石碌河水质良好;尾矿库内自然生长的菖蒲和水竹均受到重金属不同程度污染,尾矿库内的甘蔗中Cr、Pb含量均超过食品中污染物限量标准,表明尾矿库内不宜种植可食用作物。     

Geophysical investigations for evaluation of environmental pollution in a mine tailings area

Sulfide-containing mill wastes of the Komsomolsk ore processing plant situated in the Kemerovo region (Russia) were examined in 2013–2015. Multipurpose studies of the mine tailings determined the composition of waste, pore water, mine drainages, and affected groundwater. Electrical resistivity tomography was used to trace the geoelectric zoning of the waste samples. Layers with low resistivity indicated areas with pore spaces filled with highly mineralized solutions with Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, As, and Sb at total concentrations of up to 50 g/L. Anomalous zones can be specified as ‘geochemical barriers’ – specific layers where the mobility of the elements is reduced due to pH conditions, redox potential, and Fe(III) hydroxide precipitation. The zones of increased conductivity in oxidized mine tailings indicated local areas with high acid production potential and coexisting acidic pore solution. In non-oxidized tailings, high conductivity of the mineral skeleton was observed. There was a migration of drainage outside the tailings, its direction monitored by geophysical data. Chemical analysis confirmed that the concentrations of As in groundwater samples were higher than the maximum permissible concentration.     

广东大宝山矿区土壤植物体系重金属迁移过程及风险评价

为研究矿区重金属在土壤-植物体系中的分布特征、迁移过程以及生态风险,分析了广东大宝山废弃采矿场地及附近农田的土壤和植物中重金属含量,揭示了重金属从土壤到植物的迁移累积特征,并评价了其生态风险.结果表明,研究区域大部分土壤pH小于5,Cu、Pb及Al等重金属易从土壤中释放并被植物吸收累积.沙溪镇农田Cd污染严重,凡洞废弃采矿场地受Cd、Pb、Cu和As污染严重,存在严重的生态风险.新江镇农田也存在严重的生态风险,Cu、As和Cd是主要的潜在生态风险因子.采集的8种植物大多数重金属含量均高于一般植物,尤其是Al和Fe的含量.植物地上部分10%的BCF和18%的TF值高于1,表明植物吸收的重金属基本累积在根部.废弃矿区乌毛蕨和芒草地上部分重金属含量不高,是重金属耐受规避型植物,具备潜在的土壤重金属污染固定修复能力.农田杂草裸柱菊对Cd表现出较强的富集能力;水稻主要在根部富集As及Cd,属于根部囤积型植物.     

基于模糊综合评判法的矿山地质环境质量评价——以陕南铅锌矿为例

在明晰地质灾害频发、生态环境恶化、水土环境污染严重三位一体是陕南铅锌矿山地质环境质量最核心问题的基础上,构建了陕南铅锌矿地质环境质量评价体系;基于模糊综合评判法建立了评价模型,并运用AHP法计算评价指标体系权重。应用构建的评价指标体系和方法,对陕南8个典型铅锌矿的地质环境质量进行综合评价。结果表明:其中5个铅锌矿地质环境质量为优;1个铅锌矿地质环境质量为良;2个铅锌矿地质环境质量为差。     

宝鸡市麟游县煤矿区周边农田土壤重金属污染安全评价

文章选取麟游县的北马坊煤矿、郭家河煤矿和北王煤矿为研究区域,对其周边的农田土壤进行野外采样和室内分析,测定Zn、Cr、Pb、Cu、Cd、Hg、As 7种重金属的污染状况。结果表明:测定的7种重金属元素的最大值均超过了陕西省土壤背景值和当地的土壤环境背景值。单因子污染指数评价得出,三矿区周边的土壤Hg元素的污染较严重,局部地区已经达到了重度污染;综合污染指数法评价得出,三矿区均达到了中度到重度污染水平,其中北王煤矿污染水平较高;地质累积指数法评价得出,三矿区Hg元素的累积程度属于中度污染到强污染等级,Cd元素次之。因此3矿区周边的耕地土壤已不同程度的受到重金属的污染,相关部门应该采取一定的措施治理该区的土壤。     

广东大宝山多金属污染排土场耐性植物与改良剂稳定修复研究

通过在广东大宝山多金属污染排土场种植重金属耐性作物红麻、苎麻,辅以石灰+有机肥、石灰+生物炭的土壤改良,研究不同植物稳定修复模式下植物的生长状况、土壤pH与重金属含量、径流液产生与理化性质的变化情况.结果表明:改良剂处理有效促进红麻、苎麻生长,提高株高、根长和生物量,有助于排土场土壤的植被恢复.石灰与有机肥、生物炭的施加可以改善土壤酸性环境,将土壤pH由酸性显著提高至中性,降低土壤重金属生物有效性,且生物炭的作用更显著;随着红麻、苎麻稳定修复时间的增加,土壤重金属有效态含量呈一定程度下降趋势.植物的定植和土壤改良还可以减少地表径流的产生;提高径流液pH,但pH会随着修复时间的增加而下降;径流液中溶解态和悬浮态重金属含量均在植物稳定修复过程中得到降低,土壤中重金属污染物的扩散迁移得到有效控制.